თეორიული და გამოყენებითი ენათმეცნიერების სასწავლო–სამეცნიერო ინსტიტუტის ჟურნალი ენათმეცნიერების საკითხები დაარსებულია 1999 წელს თამაზ გამყრელიძისა და ზურაბ სარჯველაძის მიერ. გამოცემულია ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის საუნივერსიტეტო საგამომცემლო საბჭოს გადაწყვეტილებით. DOI: 10.55804/jtsu.15120473.2025 მთავარი რედაქტორი: ივანე ლეჟავა /ფილოლოგიის დოქტორი, თსუ ასოცირებული პროფესორი/ სტატიის წარდგენის ვადები: 1 ივლისი (ყოველწლიურად) ჟურნალში სტატიის გამოქვეყნება უფასოა. გამოქვეყნების გრაფიკი: ენათმეცნიერების საკითხები ყოველწლიური ჟურნალია, გამოიცემა ყოველი წლის ბოლო კვარტალში. სტატიის რეცენზირების ვადა: 21 დღე გამომცემლობა: TSU Publishing House (The Press was founded in 1933. It is a part of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Its purpose is to support the successful implementation scientific, educational and educational activities of the University. The Press publishes scientific and fiction literature, dictionaries, textbooks, monographs, scientific collections, journals etc. Contact - 0176, Tbilisi, 14 Chavchavadze Ave. Contact: + 995 (32) 225 04 84, 6278 or 6284 or 6283. https://www.tsu.ge/en/publishing-house ) საავტორო უფლებები და ლიცენზია: ყველა უფლება ეკუთვნით ავტორებს. ჟურნალი სარგებლობს პირველი, ექსკლუზიური გამოქვეყნების უფლებით, საავტორო უფლებების მიღების გარეშე. ლიცენზია: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
TSU Publishing House; Educational and Scientific Institute of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics
ყველა უფლება ეკუთვნით ავტორებს. ჟურნალი სარგებლობს პირველი, ექსკლუზიური გამოქვეყნების უფლებით, საავტორო უფლებების მიღების გარეშე.
ენა და კულტურა ყოველთვის ისე განუყოფლად არ აღიქმებოდა, როგორც ამას დღეს გამოყენებითი ენათმეცნიერების სპეციალისტი აღიქვამს. მართლაც, ენის შეს­წავ­ლა თავიდანვე იყო ენათმეცნიერების, და არა ანთროპოლოგების, სფერო, ხოლო ენის სწავლება ეხებოდა ენობრივი ფორმების სწავლებას და არა უცხო კულტურებს. ამის საუკეთესო ილუსტრაცია კორნელის უნივერსიტეტის უცხოური ენების სწავლების მო­დელია. კორნელის უნივერსიტეტში (აშშ), მეორე მსოფლიო ომის შემდეგ უცხოური ენე­ბის შესწავლა ამოიღეს უცხოური ენისა და ლიტერატურის განყოფილებებიდან და გაა­ერთიანეს ენათმეცნიერთა უფლებამოსილების ფარგლებში, რომლებიც მხარს უჭერდნენ ომის ძალისხმევას და ასწავლიდნენ ენებს ახალი აუდიომეტყველებითი (audiolingual) ან საჯარისო მეთოდის მიხედვით (სტერნი 1983). ენათმეცნიერების პრესტიჟმა და ენის ლა­ბორატორიის ახალმა ტექნოლოგიამ წაახალისა შეხედულება ენაზე, როგორც უნარზე, და არა როგორც კულტურულ გაგებაზე.
საავტორო უფლებები (c) 2025 ყველა უფლება ეკუთვნით ავტორებს. ჟურნალი სარგებლობს პირველი, ექსკლუზიური გამოქვეყნების უფლებით, საავტორო უფლებების მიღების გარეშე. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
სამეცნიერო ჟურნალი „ენათმეცნიერების საკითხები“ წარმოადგენს მნიშვნელოვან პერიოდულ გამოცემას, რომელშიც იბეჭდება ნაშრომები თეორიული, შედარებითი და გამოყენებითი ენათმეცნიერების, ქართველო­ლოგიის, აღმოსავ­ლეთ­მცოდნეობის, კავკასი­ო­ლო­გიის, დასავლეთევროპული ფილო­ლოგიისა და ენათმეცნი­ერების ისტორიის საკითხებზე. ჟურნალის სარედაქციო ­კოლეგიის წევრები არიან ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიე­რებათა ფაკულტეტის ფილოლო­გიის მიმარ­თულების წარ­მომადგენლები, ხოლო სარედაქციო საბჭოს წევრები – გამოჩენილი ქართველი და უცხოელი ენათ­მეცნიერები. ჟურნალი „ენათმეცნიერების საკითხები“ ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახე­ლობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტზე გამოდის 1999 წლიდან. 2007 წლიდან ჟურნალის გამომცემელი ახალი ფორმატითა და გაფართოებული თემატი­კით არის ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახე­ლობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა. აღნიშნულ პერიოდში დაიბეჭდა 17 ნომერი, რომლებიც განთავსებულია გამომცემლობის ვებგვერდზე. „ენათმეცნიერების საკითხების“ 2025 წლის ნომერი (2025, N. 18. 145 გვ.), გამოირჩევა სტატიათა თემა­ტური მრავალფეროვნებით და ეძღვნება ფრაზეოლოგიის, ქართველური ენების, ფონეტიკის, ფონოლოგიის, მორფოლოგიის, სინტაქსის, სემანტიკის, ეტიმო­ლოგიის, ლექსიკოლოგიის, ენათა შეპირისპირებითი ანალიზის, ხაზოვანი წარწერების გაშიფვრისა და დიალექტოლოგიის საკითხებს. ივანე ლეჟავა ფილოლოგიის დოქტორი, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ექსპერიმენტული ფონეტიკის სამეცნიერო-კვლევითი ლაბორატორიის ხელმძღვანელი
საავტორო უფლებები (c) 2025 ყველა უფლება ეკუთვნით ავტორებს. ჟურნალი სარგებლობს პირველი, ექსკლუზიური გამოქვეყნების უფლებით, საავტორო უფლებების გადაცემის გარეშე. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
წესები და „გამონაკლისები“: ქართულში სამპირიანი ზმნების სუპლეტიური ფორმების კოგნიტიური ინტერპტეტაცია
Theoretical background. Language is a system which is defined by general models of linguistic structuring of the world. Exceptions are out of such prototypical models. They are created by the specific cognitive processes developed on the basis of the peculiar restrictions, hierarchical relations, competitive and/or alignment constraints which are characteristic for the language system (LS) as a whole. We suppose: the restrictions, relations or constraints are important internal features of the LS; their combinations are complex and specific; this creates an illusion of the exception being ‘out of the LS’. In order to understand the logics of the exceptions it seems effective to employ a cognitive approach. We need to build definite conceptual structures for every concrete exceptional pattern. Through such an analysis it can be clarified that the exceptions are regular elements of the LS. Exceptional ditransitive verb forms (EDVF) in Georgian. Some ditransitive verbs like ‘give’ show recipient person suppletion that is typologically well known phenomenon for some languages. In Georgian such verbs have specific exceptional paradigm: mi-v(SI)-eci “I gave smth. to him/her”, but: mo-m(IOI)-c-a(SIII) (not: *mi-m-c-a) “(S)he gave smth. to me”; mi-0(SII)-eci “You gave smth. to him/her”, but: mo-g(IOII)-c-a(SIII) (not: mi-g-c-a) “(S)he gave smth. to you-sg”; mi-s(IOIII)-c-a(SIII) (never: *mo-s-c-a “(S)he gave smth. to him/her”). The same suppletion according to the preverbs mi- and mo- is characteristic also for other ditransitive verbs: misc’ers “to write to”, mic’odeba “to deliver, to send”, mipurtxeba “to spit to”, mipereba “to caress to”, mikiraveba “to hire out to”, mitxoveba “to marry to” and others. Thus, mo- is used in case of I/II recipient and mi- in case of III recipient. III. Conceptual structures of EDVF. Specific semantics of the ditransitive verb ‘to give’ (micema) can be represented by the following conceptual structure: Preverbs mo- and mi- are the elements of linguistic realizations of the spatial relations in Georgian where two dimensions are valuable: ‘Ego Space’ and ‘Alter Space’. The opposition of the preverbs mo- : mi- is the linguistic representation of the cognitive opposition ES:AS. Thus, mo- marks a situation where an action is directed/oriented to I/II persons (ES), whereas mi- is the formal representation of a situation with an action directed/oriented to the III person. According to this opposition the conceptual relations can be represented by the following schemes: I and II recipients are included in ES, while III recipient is excluded. If we match the two conceptual structures, the complex structures arise: We suppose that such matching reflects the complex cognitive process of the linguistic structuring of the ‘to give’-type ditransitive verb concepts. It clarifies the basis of the ‘exceptional’, suppletive paradigms in Georgian: The linguistic structures arise in accordance with the conceptual meanings and must not be qualified as the ‘exceptional’ ones any more.
Each language has its own unique cultural and social purpose. The cultural, geographical, and historical heritage of each region and country is reflected in the different languages and customs that are characteristic and distinctive of these regions. It is worth noting that each language reflects its own unique spirituality and its own way of representing the world and life in different contexts. This is why it is so important to preserve and respect diverse cultural heritage. Communication between speakers of different languages is essential for advancing scientific discove­ry, fostering technological innovation, shaping economic and cultural standards, and enhancing global interaction and human connection. The article examines the phenomenon of glottophobia. Glottophobia is linguistic discrimination and as linguistic discrimination, as one of the forms of xenophobia, it represents the violation of the civil and / or economic rights of a person or ethnic group due to their lack of knowledge or insufficient knowledge of a particular language. Our article discusses the negative impact of glottophobia and the many perspectives of combating this phenomenon in various fields, such as work, education, culture, politics, etc. Glottophobia can have a dangerous impact, as it may lead to low self-esteem, exclusion from social groups, and anxiety about work and the future. Our article also explore the reasons why some languages and accents are subject to the greatest discrimination and which regions have different linguistic habits and traditions. It is important to note that combating glottophobia and linguistic discrimination is a complex process that requires attention and massive efforts. It is crucial to understand that each language has its own unique cultural and social significance. Interaction between people speaking different languages is essential for optimizing progress in the fields of scientific discoveries, technological initiatives, changes in economic and cultural standards, and interpersonal relations.
ქართული ენის აფრიკატების აკუსტიკური ანალიზი
The research material used in this talk is male and female audio recordings stored in the sound archive of the TSU Experimental Phonetic Laboratory and processed with the digital speech analysis programmes – Praat and WaveSurfer. Alveolar and postalveolar affricates are analysed in initial, intervocalic and final position with [a], [i] and [u] vowels: voiced – [dz], [dʒ], aspirated – [ʦh], [ʧh], ejectives – [ʦ’], [ʧ’].The phase of closure of the voiced affricate in the initial position can be voiced, partially voiced or voiceless, and the release – voiced, partially or rarely devoiced. In the intervocalic position, both phases are always voiced. The closure phase of the final affricate is voiced to varying degrees, and the release is partially voiced or devoiced. The closure of voiceless affricates is usually presented without periodic oscillations, but sometimes the onset is voiced in the intervocalic and final positions, especially in the case of an incomplete closure, which is characteristic of intervocalic affricates. The duration of the noise of the post-alveolar affricates exceeds the duration of the stop consonants and is less long compared to the alveolar ones. In all positions, the aspirated affricate is characterised by a long noise. The maximum duration of the noise is characteristic of the final affricates.The duration of the noise of the voiced [dz] consonant is 50-128 ms, the duration of the [ʦh] consonant is 94-245 ms and the duration of the [ʦ’] consonant is 54-160 ms; the duration of the noise of the voiced [dʒ] is 35-101 ms, the duration of the consonant [ʧh] is 77-225 ms and the duration of the consonant [ʧ’] is 54-160 ms; The duration of the silent period after the noise of the [ʦ’] and [ʧ’] ejective consonants varies between 8-60 ms. The silent period is more characteristic of initial and intervocalic positions.The range of the spectrum in the middle of the noise of the pre-alveolar affricates in all positions is 2470-8000 Hz according to the average data from two speakers, and for the post-alveolar affricates are 1600-8000 Hz. It should be noted that the lower limit of the noise is on average 240 Hz higher for the female speaker.The change caused by labialisation (with the coarticulation of the [u] vowel), the lowering of the spectrum of the noise, is more noticeable for female pronunciation, and as a result of palatalisation (under the influence of the vowel [i]), the increase in the duration of the noise is more characteristic of male pronunciation.
წინადადების არამთავარ წევრთა კლასიფიკაციისათვის ქართულში
The guiding principle of scientific research is the principle of homogeneity, which serves as the foundation for methodological immanentism: a concept must include only those features that are immanent to the object being described, that is, intrinsically characteristic of the object under investigation (Chikobava). The notion of “sentence member” is a syntactic concept and, in accordance with the principle of methodological immanentism, should be defined by clear and reliable syntactic criteria. The key criterion here is the type of syntactic dependency, which determines the essence of syntactic relations. We propose using this type of dependency as a classificatory feature, which must satisfy the hierarchical requirements of linguistic analysis and adhere to the principle of homogeneity. It is crucial to identify the precise nature of syntactic dependency between elements of a syntactic pair in order to select an exact criterion for determining sentence member status. Functional analysis of a sentence is as necessary as descriptive analysis of semantic categories; but such analysis should be carried out separately. It cannot replace the analysis of the structure of a syntagm: what does this or that member of the sentence express, its classification according to semasiological signs - is necessary and important; however, for the definition of a specific syntactic concept or category, the main classification sign should be syntactic, and not taken from the field of morphology or semasiology. Based on the types of syntactic dependency found in Georgian, we argue that sentence members should be classified strictly according to syntactic features as follows: main sentence members – (1) predicate, (2) subject, (3) direct object, (4) indirect object – (5) determiners, with two subtypes: (a) agreed determiner – found in three case forms, (b) governed determiner – selected by the head noun in the nominative (for vowel-stem modifiers) and genitive (so-called “substantive”) case forms; peripheral sentence members – (6) adverbial (in all other cases, regardless of semasiological variety), and (7) simple modifier.
თავაზიანი მიმართვის სოციოლინგვისტური წესები მეგრულსა და ლაზურში
The sociolinguistic rules of polite address, based on the principles of alternation and co-occurrence, were developed by the American linguist Susan Ervin-Tripp. The present paper attempts to verify these rules in two unwritten languages of the Kartvelian group, Megrelian and Laz. In the languages under analysis, the inventory of address forms includes nominal, pronominal and verbal elements. In establishing the rules of address, particular importance is given to their interaction with grammatical number, especially the use of plural forms. In Megrelian, polite and familiar terms show the following alternation patterns: Nominal terms: p’at’oni+FN / FN Pronominal terms: tkva (V) / si (T) Verb terms: zoǯ- (polite root)+-t (PL) / rt- (go, stand up, be)+-t (PL); tk- (say)+-t (PL); xod- (sit)+-t (PL) In contrast, Laz displays only one type of alternation (1): Nominal terms: +FN-effendi / FN; Unlike Megrelian, Laz lacks both a T-V opposition and semantically polite verb roots. The following co-occurrence rules can be stated for Megrelian: If a speech act contains a predicate based on the root zoǯ (used as a polite verbal term of address), it co-occurs with either a T or V pronoun and a polite nominal term of address; If a speech act contains the nominal term +FN, it co-occurs with either a zoǯ-based verb or another verb marked with +-t (honorific marker); in this case, the co-occurring pronoun used is tkva (V); If a speech act contains any other predicate marked with the suffix -t and refers to a single addressee, it co-occurs with tkva, indicating that the suffix is an honorific marker. Conversely, if tkva is used for a single addressee, it necessarily co-occurs with either a zoǯ-based verb or another verb marked with +-t (honorific marker). As for Laz, since the T–V opposition is not expressed and there is no zoǯ-root in the language, a single rule can be established based on the principle of co-occurrence, taking into account forms of address: +FN efendi (polite only); –FN (either polite or familiar).
/ჲ/-ის გაჩენის კიდევ ერთი შემთხვევა ფშაურში
In poetry, the significance of phonetic, morphological, and syntactic structure is interwoven, sometimes even overshadowing the artistic role of verbal tropes. This structure often dominates the poem, transforming into the primary, and sometimes sole, expressive element of its underlying symbolism (Jakobson 1961). The structure of the Georgian (Kartvelian) poem is tonal-syllabic, meaning it is governed by rules concerning syllable placement and the equality of syllable counts within each line. The main organizing principle is the arrangement and regular alternation of verses with a specific syllable count (Gudava 1975). To maintain this balance, poetic language draws on phonetic-phonological, morphological, and syntactic resources of the natural language. Georgian mountain poetry resembles monumental lapidary inscriptions, marked by its depth, delicacy, and beauty. A notable example of Pshavi folklore is the poem Aragvs, sourced from materials of the Giorgi Mtatsmideli Chanting University’s 'Folklore Trip to Pshav' and performed by Nino Naqeuri. Attention is drawn to the clause - the final repeated syllables of the text: aS3Sg.+jvowel devider + ainterrogative particle. -a is an interrogative particle (a similar particle is also reconstructed at the common Kartvelian level) that appears on interrogative words, imparting a questioning tone to the entire sentence. /j/ appears between a word ending in -a and the particle -a, functioning as a midlingual spirant in the phonological system of Pshavi dialect. It holds no independent phonemic value but serves as a variant of the spirants s and h at the boundary of prefix morphemes (Tsotsanidze 1978). cf. in Kakhetian dialect: misdevs > mizdevs (assimilation) > mijdevs. /j/ does not form a syllable; it is articulated with the middle part of the tongue close to the hard palate. When this constriction creates resistance to the outgoing airflow, it takes on a spirant character. In his monograph Pshavi Dialect (1978), G. Tsotsanidze examines the occurrence of /j/ at the boundary of prefix morphemes in detail and provides a corresponding table. /j/ – a palatal approximant, produced by bringing the tongue closer to the soft palate. In the scientific literature, it is often referred to as a “glide”, which suggests it is a transitional sound, as in a diphthong. Another term for it is “semi-vowel”, indicating that, despite its vocalic quality and significant narrowing, the turbulent sound is either not formed or is very weak and does not create a syllable. The poem’s text helps illustrate the distribution of /j/ in Pshavi dialect, particularly in its position within suffix sequences. Interestingly, Gudamakari and Mtiuleti dialects show a similar pattern: after a word ending in -a, /j/ appears between two instances of -a, neither serving as a full syllable nor as the final vowel of the preceding word (movidaj, mok’vdaj, ꭍenaj...). In Mokhevi dialect, however, questions are marked by intonation rather than by the use of /j/ (Shanidze 1989).
A კლასის ხაზოვანი წარწერების გაშიფვრა საერთოქართველურ ენაზე: მათემატიკური მასალების შესწავლა
ნაშრომში წარმოდგენილია კრეტის ძველი ქართველური დამწერლობა, რომელიც თარიღდება ძვ.წ. მეცხრამეტე-მეთხუთმეტე საუკუნეებით. ამ წარწერებში მოცემულია მათემატიკური მასალა. A კლასის ხაზოვანი (LA), მიკენური ხანის B (LB) კლასის ხაზოვანი და (CS) კვიპროსის დამწერლობების მარცვლოვანი ნიშნების უმეტესობა გრაფიკულად და ფონეტიკურად იდენტურია. LA-ის ენის პრობლემა დიდხანს გადაუჭრელი რჩებოდა და გამოცხადდა, რომ მისი წაკითხვა შეუძლებელი იყო, რადგან ეს ენა და მისი კულტურა აღარ არსებობდა. LA წარწერების ფონეტიკური მნიშვნელობები იდენტიფიცირებული არ იყო, და LA ფირფიტები გამოცხადდა, როგორც უცნობ, მკვდარ ენაზე შესრულებული. LA წარწერები გაშიფრულია საერთო-ქართველურ (CK) ენაზე. LA-ს ზოგიერთი ფირფიტა, რომლებიც შეიცავს სასოფლო-სამეურნეო ანგარიშებს, შესწავლილია მათემატიკური მეთოდების გამოყენებით. ნატურალური რიცხვებისა და წილადების კომბინაციების აღნიშვნები მოცემულია ამ ანგარიშებში. კვლევის პროცესში გამოვლენილია „ალგებრული განტოლებები“, რაც ავლენს უაღრესად დახვეწილ მათემატიკურ სისტემას. განსაკუთრებით საინტერესოა LA-ს შეკრების ტერმინები: ku-ro „შეკრება" და po-to-ku-ro „ფართო შეკრება“, „საბოლოო ჯამი“. მათი მნიშვნელობები გარკვეულია ალგებრული და გრაფიკული ანალიზის მეთოდების გამოყენებით.
უარყოფითი კონსტრუქციების ზოგი საკითხის შესახებ ქართულში
The interaction of negative units in languages is an important issue on morpho-syntactic levels. The general classification reveals three types of languages: with single negation, double negation and negative concord. It is a widely accepted opinion, that Georgian is a language with negative concord, although the experiment showed that double negation is much more preferred for native-speakers. The two peculiarities have been revealed while learning the negation in Georgian: I. If a negative word precedes the verb, then the verb can appear in either positive or negative form, while if the verb precedes the negative word, then it must be in negative form obligatorily; II. It is not allowed to split (to separate with positive form) the negative concord. The linguistic experiment of negative constructions in Georgian was performed at 23 young Georgian native speaker students. The given sentences were put in priority order depending on what was more acceptable for them individually. The ungrammatical constructions received special zero marking. The experiment was hold with EU standard ethic norms, and the informed consents were signed by the participants, who granted me the rights to use the material with any kind of scientific purposes. The presented experiment overviwed the three clasters of sentenses, and its results showed that the free word order, which is significant for the Georgian language, creates a very interesting case of a big number of acceptable variations. It is important, that this experiment confiremd the above mentioned two limitations for the negative constructions in modern Georgian. It should be said that, by the way, it would be quite interesting to reveal dialectal differences in terms of the production of negative constructions. Here it should be important to take into account different types of dialectal characteristics, which are reflected in the language with mirror-like asymmetry.
ენობრივ-დიალექტოლოგიური მასალები ფრონეს ხეობიდან: ქალეთი, ლოპანი
The gorge is located in the western part of, which includes several river basins. These are: Dvanis Phrone, Ptsi Phrone, Ali Phrone, Cheratkhula, which is also called Tskal. Small tributaries of these rivers are also called Tskal, and simultaneously Phrone. The famous 18th century geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi describes the gorge in detail, including hydronyms, which he included on his map compiled in 1745. When characterizing the lexical units of the region, data from other Georgian dialects must be taken into account, because the region was always connected to both the western and southwestern Georgian provinces. Naturally, population migration and the meeting of dialects occurred, which was confirmed by a range of such data during the collection of materials. There are a number of villages located in the valley: Aradeti, Dirbi, Ergneti, Kornisi, Avnevi, Berdzenauli, Breti, Okona, Atotsi, Tighva, Ozhora, Gomarta, Kaleti, Lopani and others. Kaleti, as a village, is named in the writings of Vakhushti and Ioane Bagrationi, and is also included on the map drawn by Vakhushti. The village of Kaleti is located on the right bank of the Ptsa river; first comes the village of Patkineti, which is marked as “Batkineti” on the map compiled by Vakhushti Bagrationi in 1745. To the west of this village lies Kaleti, which is mentioned in the works of Vakhushti and Ioane Bagrationi as a large village and is also indicated on the map with a symbol for a cult building. According to the Ruisi Episcopal Register of 1715, the following families lived in the village: Nebieridzes, Kakhetelidzes. Due to a number of political events, the population has been thinned out. Currently, the following families live there: Gogaladze, Nadiradze, Shaorshadze, Darbaidze, Kharaishvili, Gabaraev. A number of geographical names are associated with these surnames, including extinct ones. The village of Lopani is located on both sides of the Lopani River, which has been greatly reduced due to the Russian occupation. The people who come to the village are mainly from Bziskhevi, which is now Nasoflari-ნასოფლარი (Селище- settlement, site или ancient settlement. ?). Labadze comes to the village from the village of Rkvida, Gachechiladze from Zestaponi, Gogoladze from Kharagauli, Nadiradze from Chikha, Samkharadze from Usakhelo and others. From the village speech we have identified: siliti, which is a synonymous unit of sand; boqvi is a mold made of tree bark; kodi is a wooden barrel placed in water.
არაქართულენოვანთათვის -ზე და -ში თანდებულების სწავლებისათვის
In many languages, postpositions correspond to prepositions (for example: "c’igni aris magida-ze" – "the book is on the table"; English: The book is on the table; French: Le livre est sur la table; Russian: книга на столе; Armenian: Գիրքը սեղանի վրա է. Or: me mivdi­var sk’ola-ši – English: I go to school; French: Je vais à l'école; Russian: Я иду в школу). However, in languages that have case forms, a postposition may correspond either to a postposition or to a specific case form (example: c’igni aris magidaze – Armenian: Գիրքը սեղանի վրա է; in this sentence, the postposition corresponds to a postposition, but in "me mivdivar sk’olaši" – "I am going to school", the postposition corresponds to a case form). Georgian has many postpositions, and consequently, they have many functions. At the same time, the same or similar function can be expressed by several different postpositions. For example, direction can be expressed by the postpositions -ze (mivdivar lekciaze – "I'm going to the lecture"), -ši ("mivdivar universit’et’ši" – "I'm going to the university”), -k’en ("mivdivar saxlisk’en" – "I'm going toward home"), -tan ("mivdivar amxanagtan / sk’olastan" – "I'm going to my friend's / to the school vicinity"), -mde ("mivdivar met’romde" – "I'm going as far as the metro"). There are nuanced differences among these postpositions. Most postpositions attach to forms of the dative case, and therefore the dative case in Georgian carries many such functions through these postpositions. The article discusses the cases of using the postpositions -ze (on) and -ši (in). Both postpositions are attached to the form of the dative case, and when attached, in the case of the both postpositions, no dative case sign is used: rveuli aris čantaši, salome aris saxlši, c’igni aris magidaze, pankari aris c’ignze. Both postpositions have almost the same functions with different nuances: the postposition -ze shows presence and departure (direction) to the process, while -ši shows location – being in a place and direction to a place: tamari aris gak’vetilze, tamari midis k’oncertze, tamari aris sp’ektak’lze, tamari midis teat’rši. The postposition -ze shows an exact time, the postposition -ši shows a period of time: pilmi xut saatze ic’q’eba, pilmi ert saatši daic’q’eba.Both postpositions are used in simple complements and idioms: deda pikrobs švilebze, deda avadmq’op švils tavze adgas, nino darc’munebulia mariamis simartleši, anas tavši erti da igive azri ut’rialebs. The postposition -ze is used in comparisons: nuca liaze maghalia, ati met’ia rvaze.
კვლავ ნასესხებ რელიგიურ ლექსიკურ ერთეულთა სესხება-ადაპტაციისათვის სვანურში. III
Foreign religious lexical units hold a significant place in the lexical fund of Svan, and in the process of borrowing, these borrowed elements have undergone particularly interesting phonetic-phonological and semantic adaptation. Taking into account the various phonetic processes occurring during borrowing, and based on data from the dialects and sub-dialects of Svan, we considered it appropriate to group these lexical units into the following categories: 1. Borrowed religious lexical items that are phonetically completely unchanged and modified with phonetic nuances, 2. Roots with consonant elision in (auslaut), 3. Consonant changes in auslaut of borrowed religious lexical items, 4. Umlautized roots, 5. Phenomena of vowel length, 6. Vowel reduction, 7. Consonant and vowel changes classified by type, 8. Composites containing borrowed religious lexical items, etc., some of these issues we have already discussed in various scientific collections and papers published in session materials or submitted for printing, but this time the main goal of our work is to study the changes of consonants and vowels according to their phonological types in borrowed religious lexical items. This article discusses the borrowing-adaptation of each foreign-language religious lexical unit based on data from traditionally known dialects of Svan (Upper Bal, Lower Bal, Lashkhian, Lentekhian), as well as Cholur speech and Ushgulian-Lakhamulian sub-dialects. The observation of the extensive borrowed religious vocabulary in Svan reveals that these lexical items have undergone systematic phonetic modifications in accordance with the phonemic structure of Svan. In the borrowed religious vocabulary of Svan, the most perceptible changes by their nature are processes such as voicing, glottalization, aspiration, assimilation, affricatization-desaffricatization, etc. The instances of consonant and vowel alternations, as well as l/m/n/r (sonor) consonants, sound insertion and deletion, metathesis, etc., are quite common. Evidently, when a word is assimilated from one language into another, its phonetic structure undergoes changes influenced by various factors, one of which is the intermediary language. Furthermore, the specific pathway through which this or that word was borrowed, along with the stages of adaptation it subsequently experienced, plays a crucial role in shaping its final form.
თურქული ინტერფერენციის არალექსიკური მოდიფიკაციები ზოგიერთ ქართულ დიალექტში
Due to a number of historical circumstances, two segments of the Georgian language – Ingilo and Southern dialects – have developed in the environment of Anatolian Turkish and Azerbaijani, which are close to each other. In addition to the borrowing of lexical units, other parameters – phonological, morphological – have also changed to some extent in the same or different ways. In particular: both Ingilo and Southern dialects have adopted the vowels /ö/ and /ü/ from Turkish and Azerbaijani. In Shavshetian, Tao dialect, Georgian of Chvene­buris and Ingilo dialects /ʒ/ has been replaced by /z/ almost everywhere under the influence of Turkish languages: /zvali/(bone), /zveli/ (old), /zapi/ (thread), /biza/ (uncle); The consonant /ʒ/ has been preserved only in Nigali dialect. In Turkic languages, two consonants are not found at the head of a syllable. In the above-men-tioned dialects, the following forms are fixed precisely under the influence of Turkish or Azerbaijani: in Tao dialect: kilde</klde/ (rock), bize </bze/ (chaff), khobo < /khbo /(calf), kibili< /kbili/ (tooth);in Ingilo dialect: shito </shto/ (branch), in Imerkhevi dialect: Tibet < /tbeti/ toponym, village name. The use of a stem-consonant noun as a stem instead of the expected nominative is widespread, which is a result of the analogy with the affix-free nominative turnover of affix-rich Turkic languages, both in Ingilo and in the Southern dialects. A striking example of morphological interference is the production of the intensive in Ingilo dialect: the model is Azerbaijani, the material is national. This Turkic-derived form of reduplication has not been activated in the southern dialects of Georgian. Under the influence of Turkish, the adverbs /aq/ ‘here’ and /iq/’ there’ have been replaced by the forms /akshi/, /ikshi/, /agze/, /ikze/, which are a calque of the Turkish burada/ orada. The Ingilos do not use these forms.